President Alvaro Uribe's government is pulling out every stop to
secure final approval of the re-election referendum bill before its self-imposed
end-August deadline. Following a major setback in late July, when the government
failed to secure backing for its preferred candidates in elections for the
presidencies of congress, President Alvaro Uribe has, for the first time, thrown
his full weight behind the referendum project. The final text of the bill was
approved on 18 August by a special bicameral reconciliation committee, with the
backing of 32 of the committee's 50 members. The government now seems likely to
pull off an eleventh hour rescue of the bill.
The final text of the bill now needs to be approved by a simple majority in
both houses - both of which are dominated by Uribe's multi-party coalition. The
senate is slated to vote on the initiative on 19 August. The government's big
challenge will be to secure the backing of the lower house, which is expected to
vote before the end of August.
As recently as the end of July, it appeared that the referendum was doomed.
On 25 July the well-respected and widely read news magazine, Semana,
ran a lead editorial arguing that the referendum bill was “dead". The magazine
reported that “there is not a single Urbista who believes privately that this
corpse [the referendum bill] can be revived". Two days later the leader of the
government-aligned Partido de la U (the 'U'), Luis Carlos Restrepo, said that
the referendum was “not politically viable".
The final straw for the bill, Semana argued, was the congressional
leadership elections, which took place when congress returned from recess on 20
July. The government failed to secure backing for its preferred candidates,
after factions of Uribe's multi-party coalition united with the opposition to
push their own candidates, breaking with the pact agreed by coalition parties
after the last elections, in 2006 (see sidebar).
Congress has been dragging its feet over the bill since it was passed by the
senate on 19 May. Lower house approval is likely to be more difficult to secure
for two main reasons: first due to jitters over a supreme court investigation
into the 86 lower house deputies that voted last December to approve the
referendum bill while it was still under scrutiny for alleged irregularities in
its financing (although sceptics mutter that a number of legislators are in fact
using the supreme court's investigation as an excuse to stall for time while
they put pressure on the government to grant bureaucratic favours); and secondly
because the text of the bill originally approved by the lower house provided for
Uribe's re-election in 2014, after a term out of office, and not in 2010.
Nevertheless, the government remains quietly confident that the bill will be
passed. On 18 August a deputy from the feverently Uribista Partido de la U, Roy
Barreras, told national daily El Tiempo, “In the lower house we need 84 votes
and we have 94. In the senate we need 51 and we'll have 63...With the majorities
that we have in congress Uribe will be a candidate, and through the votes of the
Colombian people he will be president".
Since its 20 July setback the government has gone all out to persuade its
coalition and, crucially, the members of the bicameral committee, to back the
referendum. According to Semana, the executive has even offered to provide
lawyers to defend coalition legislators, should the supreme court pursue its
case. On 11 August Uribe himself met representatives of his ruling coalition to
ask them to back the bill. Although he stopped short of saying that he will
stand again if the referendum is passed, his third-term aspirations seem clear.
Senator Juan Carlos Vélez, who was present at the 11 August meeting, said that
“if the referendum is approved, we are sure that he [Uribe] will stand for
re-election". Another senator, Marco Alirio Cortés, described “Uribe's clear
determination to continue in the presidency".
If both houses rubberstamp the bill, it must then be rushed through the
constitutional court. A likely sticking point is the ongoing investigation by
the National Electoral Court (CNE) into the financing of the petition, signed by
over 4m Colombians, which called for the referendum.
Plan B
Uribe's staunchest supporters are muttering about
alternatives should the referendum bill fail. The government is rumoured to be
considering the use of article 104 of the constitution, which states that the
president, with the support of all of his ministers and the approval of the
senate [i.e. without full congressional approval], can call a referendum “on
decisions of national significance" and that “the decision of the people is
binding". Constitutional experts have already questioned whether an - as yet
unprecedented - article 104 referendum could be used to reform Colombia's
constitution.
If Uribe does not run, he will nevertheless play the role of kingmaker. All
of his likely successors come from within his coalition and have pledged to
continue his enduringly popular “democratic security" polices, which have
improved Colombia's security situation dramatically and encouraged investment.
According to recent opinion polls, Uribe's former defence minister, Juan Manuel
Santos - who will only run if Uribe steps down - would be his most likely
successor and could even pull off a first round victory. A Santos presidency
would likely lead to a deterioration of already abysmal relations with the
governments of Ecuador and Venezuela, both of whom loathe the former defence
minister.
- Congressional presidencies
According to the 2006 pact, the two candidates who should have been elected
were: Gabriel Zapata, of the small pro-Uribe party Alas Equipo Colombia, for the
senate presidency; and, for the lower house, Migel Amín, of the fiercely
Uribista Partido de la U. Instead, Javier Cáceres, of Cambio Radical (whose
leader, Germán Vargas, is openly opposed to Uribe's re-election) was elected
almost unanimously by the upper house; and, most surprisingly, Edgar Gómez, of
Convergencia Ciudadana, took the lower house. It should be noted, however, that
while the successful candidates are not staunch Uribista loyalists, they are
nevertheless both at least nominally members of Uribe's coalition, and both
voted in favour of the re-election referendum.
Gabriel Silva Luján was named Colombia's new minister of defence on 27 July
2009. Since 2002 he has served as chief executive of Colombia's powerful
National Coffee Growers Federation. Silva's appointment brings a managerial
approach to the defence ministry, arguably the most important position in
President Alvaro Uribe's cabinet. Silva will be tasked with advancing, and
evolving, the government's so-called “Strategic Jump" ('salto estratégico')
operation aimed at pushing the Farc to “the point of no return" and
consolidating advances made thus far. At the same time, he will have to reassure
Colombia's neighbours that under his watch the country's armed forces - and the
mooted US military presence (see pages 1-2) - do not pose a threat to regional
peace. Silva also faces a new wave of violence from emerging armed groups, made
up of demobilised paramilitaries and other criminal organisations, funded by
drug-trafficking and organised crime.