Given that since 1996, when Sixto Durán Ballén completed his term in office, no elected president has survived a four-year mandate, and that the leftwinger Rafael Correa will become Ecuador's eighth president in 10 years on 15 January, it would be counter-intuitive to suggest he will be allowed the time to deliver on his campaign promises. Correa's proposals for government are certainly not designed to ensure stability, but given Ecuador's history of chronic political turmoil, voters decided to put their faith in the 43 year-old economist's programme which envisages a radical restructuring of the state as a solution to the country's problem of weak, short-lived governments.
A few hours after the polls closed, almost everyone in Ecuador, with the notable exception of Alvaro Noboa, his defeated rival, accepted that Rafael Correa had won the vote. With over 99% of the vote counted a few days later, Correa had won just over 57% of the vote and Noboa 43%. The result represents a significant turn around in Correa's fortunes. After losing the first round to Noboa, albeit by a narrow margin tainted by allegations of fraud, Correa looked set to lose the second comfortably to Noboa, who has made it through to the second round in two previous elections.
However, while Noboa, one of the wealthiest men in the country, continued with his messianic style of campaigning in the second round, in which he described himself as "God's emissary" as he handed out wheelchairs, computers and cash to supporters, Correa learnt from his mistakes. Rather than stressing his proposals for technical constitutional reforms, he emphasised concrete proposals relating to healthcare, education, employment and housing, and highlighted the dubious economic thinking behind Noboa's counter-offers. In the end, Noboa won in just three out of the country's 22 provinces; all on the coast. When, after the polls closed on 26 November, it became obvious he had won, Correa took pains to avoid sounding triumphalist, conscious that his plans for office are controversial enough. "There are no winners and no losers," he said. "We received this highest honour that the Ecuadorean people have bestowed upon us with profound serenity, with profound hope and profound gratitude."
Foreign policy
On 26 November Correa said that he was determined to improve relations with all left-leaning presidents in Latin America, and mentioned Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez , Brazil's President Lula da Silva, Argentina's Néstor Kirchner, Bolivia's Evo Morales and Chile's President Michelle Bachelet. Lula was quick to congratulate Correa and invited him to a South American summit in Bolivia on 7 December. In the final days before the election, Correa sought to emphasise his admiration for Bachelet's moderate style of socialism, but after winning the election the first leader he mentioned was Chávez .
"Chávez is a personal friend, but in my house I'm in charge not my friends and here in Ecuador, the Ecuadoreans are in charge." Ahead of the first round, Correa had jokingly described Chávez 's reference to President George W. Bush as "the devil" as an insult to the devil "because at least he's clever", but since then he has toned down the anti-US rhetoric. The US has reacted cautiously, but diplomatically, to Correa's victory. The US ambassador to Quito, Linda Jewell, telephoned Correa to congratulate him and restate the US's "commitment to the Ecuadorean people". Despite calling President George W. Bush "dimwitted", Correa took pains to visit Jewell twice before the second round of the election.
The US State Department spokesman, Sean McCormack, stated that the US was willing to work with the new government, but added that the bilateral relationship will be "dependent on the policies that the government pursues". Although he stressed the US saw "greater trade" as the route to "greater prosperity" for Ecuador - an attitude at odds with Correa's refusal to restart free trade negotiations - McCormack hinted that Ecuador could enjoy a relationship with the US rather like that of Bolivia. "While we don't agree on everything, we have found ways to work together with Bolivia and the Bolivian government," McCormack said. Despite his opposition to free trade with the US, Correa has expressed hope that the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (Atpdea) will be extended.
One key relationship Correa has yet to address since becoming president-elect is that with Colombia. Over the past few years the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Farc) has infiltrated the Ecuadorean side of the border area with increasing regularity and the Colombian army's incursions into Ecuadorean territory, as well as the large number of Colombian refugees heading south, has been a source of friction between the two countries. In the lead up to the second round, Correa was criticized, implicitly at least, by President Alvaro Uribe, for refusing to label the Farc as "terrorists" but he was merely following the longstanding Ecuadorean policy of neutrality in the conflict. Since his victory, however, Correa has received an invitation from Uribe to visit Colombia.
Oil
In an interview with the press on 28 November, Correa announced that on 16 January, one day after he takes office, Ecuadorean crude would be heading to Venezuela to be refined. Petroecuador and PDVSA, the Venezuelan state oil firm, look set to sign an alliance to facilitate the process; much as they did in 2005 to little effect. "We've had enough of throwing money out of the window by selling our crude and importing derivatives," Correa said. Ecuador's refining capacity is limited, with only one refinery of any size, in the port city of Esmeraldas, but in the same interview Correa announced his determination to expand the facility at Jaramijó, also on the northern coast. As the economy minister, albeit briefly, for President Alfredo Palacio, Correa sought to attract Chinese investment to finance the expansion of the country's refining capacity.
Chinese companies have been willing investors in the country of late, after European and North American companies have withdrawn. In September 2005 Andes Petroleum, a Chinese consortium, bought the assets of EnCana, a Canadian company. EnCana had become embroiled in the Occidental controversy, in which the US firm, the largest foreign investor in Ecuador, had its operating contract voided as punishment for failing to notify the Ecuadorean authorities over its transfer of shares in an oil field to
EnCana.
Correa also announced his intention to renegotiate Ecuador's contracts with foreign oil companies on an individual basis. "We cannot allow that for each five barrels we produce, they take away four and leave us one," he said. In 2005 the hydrocarbons law upped the state's share of oil companies windfall profits to 50%; Correa said this was an improvement but there was still work to be done. Despite the Spanish company Repsol-YPF threatening to pull out of the country if Correa was elected, the president-elect said foreign oil companies would have "many reasons to be happy" about continuing to invest in Ecuador.
In other economic matters, one of Correa's campaign slogans was "life before debt", and he has shown no signs of backing down on this commitment. However, he has yet to give details as to how he plans to restructure Ecuador's foreign debt. Many economists are doubtful that the country will default, given that government revenues are on the rise. The new government also intends to put a limit on the amount of money Ecuadoreans can deposit abroad.
The constituent assembly
Much of Correa's campaign ahead of the first round focused on his determination to push through profound political reform of the country via a constituent assembly. To this end, his party, the Alianza PAíS, chose not to field any congressional candidates in protest at the "mediocrity" of the "partyocracy". After winning on 26 November, Correa said his first act as president would be to promulgate the referendum which would ask the electorate to support the summoning of a constituent assembly. The president does not need the permission of congress to put forward a referendum.
However, the executive is going to have to find some way to work with the new legislature, since the time frame for the constituent assembly is as yet unclear. Unfortunately for Correa, the largest party is the Partido Renovador Institucional Acción Nacional (Prian), of losing presidential candidate Alvaro Noboa. Noboa's party won 28 seats, followed by the Sociedad Patriótica (SP), of ousted president Lucio Gutiérrez with 24. The Izquierda Democrática (ID) has 13, while the rightwing Partido Social Cristiano (PSC) has 12. Correa reckons 40 (out of 100) congressional deputies are sympathetic to the idea of a constituent assembly. However, despite expressing a willingness to hold a dialogue with these parties, Correa has repeatedly emphasised that he has no intention of compromising over this proposal.
When questioned over the current deadlock in Bolivia's constituent assembly, where President Evo Morales actually has a majority in both the assembly and congress, and Ecuador's own unhappy experience of such an institution in 1997, Correa said he preferred to focus on successful examples in Colombia and Venezuela. He added that congress would continue working while the assembly was sitting but its powers would be limited.
Correa received some unlikely support from Gutiérrez, who was forced out of office in April 2005 and spent months in exile before returning to the country where he was imprisoned, then released but stripped of his political rights. "We cannot say: as the other presidents have been overthrown, we'll have to overthrow Correa as well," Gutiérrez said. "No, let us give him the opportunity to work, so that he fulfils his promises." Gutiérrez himself was instrumental in the overthrow of an elected president, Jamil Mahuad, in 2000. Gutiérrez added that the SP will work to ensure Correa lasts four
years.